Mode of operation of ship transportation
Release time:
18 17:48
Liner transportation
1. Grocery liner transportation: the cargoes transported by grocery liner are mainly general cargoes, and it can also transport some bulk cargoes, major pieces and other special cargoes. It is the earliest liner transportation.
2. Container liner transportation: In the late 1960s, with the development of container transportation, container liner transportation appeared; in the late 1990s, container liner transportation gradually replaced the traditional grocery liner transportation, and appeared a small batch of LCL cargo transportation.
Unscheduled ship transportation
1. Voyage chartering transportation: including single voyage chartering transportation, round-trip voyage chartering transportation, consecutive single voyage chartering transportation, consecutive round-trip voyage chartering transportation, and so on.
2. Time charter transportation: also known as "time charter" or "time charter", is a kind of leasing ship property for the transportation of goods in the form of chartering, characterized by
a. The ship owner is responsible for the crew, and bear their wages and meals.
b. The charterer has the right of command in the operation of the ship, including the captain, or else he has the right to ask the ship owner to be replaced.
c. The charterer is responsible for the operation and dispatch of the ship, and bears the variable costs in the operation of the ship, including fuel, port charges, pilotage, cargo loading and unloading charges, canal tolls, and other costs stipulated in the charter party.
d. The shipowner is responsible for the fixed costs of ship operation, including the costs related to the ship's capital, ship materials, lubricating oil, ship insurance, ship repair and maintenance costs.
e. Ship leasing is based on the whole ship, and the rent is charged according to the ship's deadweight tonnage, the lease period and the agreed rent rate.
f. The charter is often stipulated in the provisions of the delivery and return of the ship as well as the stopping of the charter.
3. bareboat chartering: also known as "hull chartering", characterized by
a. The owner of the ship to provide a seaworthy empty ship, not responsible for the ship's transportation.
b. The charterer is equipped with a full crew and has command responsibility.
c. The charterer is responsible for the operation of the vessel as a carrier and for operational scheduling, and bears the loss of time during the charter period, including delays and repairs.
d. The charterer is responsible for all fixed and variable costs except for the capital cost of the vessel.
e. The charter rate is based on the ship's deadweight tonnage, the charter period and the agreed charter rate when the ship is chartered as a whole.
f. The right of possession of the ship is transferred to the lessee from the time the ship is handed over to the lessee for use.
4. Chartering transportation: also known as "chartering contract" and "capacity contract", is a kind of short-term chartering behavior based on the premise of certain capacity of the lessee.
The basic content of the ship used to carry passengers and goods, also known as merchant ships. As a means of transportation, ships have the advantages of large capacity and low operating costs compared with other modes of transportation. With the development of the world economy, modern transport ships have formed a large fleet of diverse, technically complex and highly specialized ships (see World Merchant Fleet). Development in brief The development of transport ships has roughly gone through three stages: rafts, wooden sailing ships (see sailing ship) and steamships, and is in the era of steel ships with diesel engines as the basic power (see History of Transport Ship Development). As early as prehistoric times, mankind has utilized boats and rafts as a means of waterborne transportation. From the ancient Egyptian era to the early 19th century within a long historical period, wooden sailing ships have been the main waterway transportation tools. After the invention of the steam engine, transport ships in the early 19th century into the steam engine as the power of the new period, shipbuilding materials also gradually to iron instead of wood. Early steam engine ship, is installed on both sides of the huge wheel propulsion, so the motorized ship in China is usually called the ship. 19th century after the middle, the propeller gradually replaced the wheel, shipbuilding materials from the use of iron to the development of the use of steel, the ship's tonnage continues to increase. the end of the 19th century, the steam turbine and the diesel engine came out one after another, and for the ship to provide a new power. After the second world war, diesel engine power gradually dominant. In recent years, almost all the transportation ships are powered by diesel engines.
In the 1870s, the United Kingdom in the Atlantic Ocean to open up a regular route specializing in passenger transport. Before this, the transportation ship is mixed passenger and cargo. Since then, shipping developed countries compete to build fully equipped, luxurious and comfortable large passenger ships. 1960s, the sea long-distance passenger ships are gradually replaced by long-range jet airliners, but smaller tonnage, to travel for the purpose of tourism and can also carry private cars, such as car passenger ships are developed. Early steamships were general cargo ships, and oil tankers began to appear in the early 1900's. In the 1940's, bulk carriers were separated from general cargo ships. Oil tankers and bulk carriers account for a large proportion of the world's merchant fleet in terms of tonnage; traditional general cargo ships still lead in terms of the number of ships. From the 60's onwards, the transport ships further specialization, appeared a series of new ship types, such as container ships, liquefied gas ships, ro-ro ships, barge carriers and so on. Container ship development is the most rapid, developed countries of general cargo transportation has basically realized the containerization.
Types of transportation ships can be divided into passenger ships and cargo ships, as well as passenger and cargo ships. In addition, transport ships can also be divided into ocean-going ships, coastal ships, river boats, and North America's "Great Lakes" ship, etc.; according to the way of navigation is divided into the displacement type ship (all the weight of the water by the buoyancy of the ship), hydrofoils and hovercraft, etc.; according to the presence or absence of a power unit is divided into motorized and barge, motorized ships can be divided into steam engine ship, turbine ship, diesel engine ship and nuclear-powered ship The motorized ship can be divided into steam engine ship, steam turbine ship, diesel engine ship and nuclear power ship, etc.; according to the hull material is divided into steel ship, wooden ship, cement ship and fiberglass ship.
Passenger ships can be divided into the following five categories: ① marine passenger ships, including ocean-going passenger ships and coastal passenger ships. Ocean-going passenger ships have large tonnage, high speed, complete equipment, and comfortable living conditions for passengers. Before the rise of air transportation, international mails were mainly transported by ocean-going passenger ships, so these ships were also called mail ships; after the 1970s, the construction of these ships has been stopped. But in some countries on domestic routes to transport passengers mainly coastal passenger and cargo ships are still being built and used. ② tourist ship, is the rise of the 1960s, for tourists to travel with the ship. Ship with similar ocean-going passenger ships, but smaller tonnage. The ship is well-equipped, can provide travelers with health, entertainment and intellectual development and other comprehensive services. ③Car passenger ship, is the rise of the 60's ship type. In addition to carrying passengers can also carry a certain number of passengers with their own cars. ④ river passenger ship, is the traditional river and lake passenger ship. The passenger capacity is large and the equipment is simpler than that of ocean passenger ships. ⑤ Small high-speed passenger ships, mainly hydrofoils and hovercrafts, are mostly used for short-distance navigation along the coast and inland rivers. (See the color charts ["Natchez" stern-wheeler] and [tourist ship].
Cargo ships can be divided into the following categories according to the type of goods to be carried and the way of loading and unloading: ① dry cargo ships, also divided into general cargo ships and bulk carriers. Grocery ships are mainly loaded with various kinds of general cargoes. New grocery ships are mostly designed as multi-purpose ships with strong adaptability to cargo types. Bulk carriers are specialized in carrying a variety of bulk cargo, which can be divided into coal carriers, ore ships, bulk grain ships, wood carriers and bulk cement ships. ② liquid cargo ship, loaded with a variety of liquid cargo ship, mainly oil tankers, liquid chemical ships, liquefied gas ships. In addition, there can be both liquid cargo and dry bulk cargo ship. ③Container ships, standard containers as cargo units of cargo ships. This ship has high speed, sailing in a fixed route, the use of port special equipment for rapid loading and unloading. ④ Roll-on Roll-off ship, also known as "open on open off" ship. The ship is equipped with movable jumping boards, and the loaded trailers can be directly driven up and down. Roll-on/roll-off ship is fast loading and unloading, suitable for loading and unloading containers and large cargoes. ⑤ Cargo barge, also known as mother ship, is a cargo ship with cargo barge as the cargo unit. The goods carried by this kind of ship can be transferred in the port without dock, without backloading, realizing the direct transportation between the river and the sea. (6) Reefer vessels, specializing in the shipment of perishable fresh cargo. (7) barge and its supporting the use of tugboats, push boats. They are composed of towing fleet or top push fleet, mostly used for river.
Structure and composition of modern transportation ships, despite the variety of different structures, but by the hull (including superstructure) and power plant (see ship power plant) two parts, and configured with a variety of outfitting equipment and systems.
Hull and its superstructure The main body of the transport ship, for passengers, crew and cargo, power plant and oil, water and other materials to provide loading space.
The hull of steel transportation ship is welded with various specifications of steel plates and profiles, and consists of watertight hollow structure with bottom, two sides, bow end, stern end and deck. The bottom of the ship has single bottom and double bottom structure, which is composed of outer bottom plate (including flat keel), inner bottom plate and inner bottom side plate (double bottom structure of the ship has), longitudinal skeleton, transverse skeleton and other components. There are two types of bottom skeleton: transverse skeleton and longitudinal skeleton. The transverse skeleton structure consists of ribs (transverse members), middle joist (longitudinal joist located at the longitudinal centerline of the bottom of the ship, also known as the middle keel), side joist (longitudinal joist located on both sides of the longitudinal centerline of the bottom of the ship, also known as the side of the inner keel) and other components; the longitudinal skeleton structure reduces the number of ribs but increases the bottom longitudinal skeleton. The two sides are composed of watertight outboard and the skeleton (ribs and outboard longitudinal trusses, longitudinal bones, etc.) to strengthen it. In order to strengthen the hull's bow and stern structure, there is a bow post at the bow end and a stern post at the stern end. Inside the hull, there are a number of bulkheads, forming compartments for different purposes. The bow and stern of the ship are equipped with anti-collision bulkheads, forming bow-tip and stern-tip compartments respectively to ensure safety. Installation of the main engine, auxiliary engines and ancillary equipment of the cabin is generally located in the middle of the ship or the tail, the corresponding type of ship is called the middle or tail type. Vertical direction of the hull is separated by the deck and platform, the deck is less than a layer, such as oil tankers, bulk carriers; more than ten layers, such as ocean-going passenger ships. Through the head and tail of the uppermost layer of watertight deck called the upper deck. The strength of the hull must be able to withstand the ship's load and external water pressure, as well as the wind and waves in the bending and torsion and other stresses.
Superstructure is the building above the upper deck. The superstructure of the cargo ship is mainly used for driving maneuvering and crew life. In the past, the typical general cargo ship is mostly the middle type, its superstructure were located in the bow, stern and the middle, respectively, known as the first floor, tail floor and bridge floor, this ship is called the three islands type ship. The bridge is the center of work and life of the whole ship, the uppermost floor is the bridge, chart room, telegraph room, etc., and the part below the bridge is the place for the crew to live, rest and recreation. In order to obtain more use and living area, the three floors can be connected separately or all together. Such as the first floor and the bridge connected, that is, the first floor of the ship; the tail floor and the bridge connected, that is, the tail floor of the ship. the beginning of the 20th century, shipowners in order to expand the ship's loading volume, while taking advantage of some of the weaknesses in the ship's tonnage measurement regulations at the time, built a two decks of the sheltered deck of the ship. The space between the two decks can be loaded and can not be counted in the gross tonnage, thus reducing the various service costs and tax amount, and therefore become the main type of dry cargo ships for a long time. However, the ship type is poorly watertight and unsafe, and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has revised the DD regulations and canceled this ship type. Modern cargo ships are mostly tail-end type, and the superstructure is mostly located in the stern of the ship. The superstructure of the passenger ship is more developed than that of the cargo ship, the number of decks is more, and each layer is separated by a steel enclosure, which becomes a place for travelers to live and carry out various activities.
Power plant, including the ship to provide propulsion power for the host, the ship to provide electricity and lighting generator set, as well as a variety of other auxiliary machinery and equipment. The main engine is the heart of the transportation ship. The vast majority of modern transportation ship host for low-speed or medium-speed diesel engine, by which directly or after deceleration to drive the propeller installed in the tail to promote the ship forward. In addition to diesel engines, there are also a few ships using steam engines, steam turbines, gas turbines and even nuclear power plants. Diesel engine on board the generator set for 2 ~ 3 diesel generator sets, generally using 400 volts three-phase alternating current, frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. The ship is also equipped with a secondary boiler or exhaust gas boiler, for the ship to provide steam and heat source. Various auxiliary machines and equipments mainly include air compressors, various oil pumps, water pumps, heat exchangers, pipelines, oil and water cabinets, etc.
Outfitting equipment and various systems Outfitting equipment includes: ① maneuvering equipment, such as rudder equipment; ② mooring equipment, such as anchoring equipment and mooring equipment, etc.; ③ closing equipment, such as hatch covers, watertight doors, gangway doors, entrance and exit covers, etc.; ④ signaling equipment, such as signal lamps, signal flags, etc.; ⑤ lifesaving equipment, such as lifeboats, life rafts, life buoys, life jackets, etc.; ⑥ cargo lifting equipment, such as the boom device on the freighter and the deck crane ( See ship cargo equipment), oil tankers on the cargo oil pumps, ro-ro ships on the elevator, springboard, etc.; ⑦ other equipment, such as passenger ships on the anti-shaking equipment, tugboats on the towing equipment, push the top of the ship on the top of the push device, and so on. Various systems on board, including: the bilge water out of the ship's bilge water discharge system, water supply to the ballast water tanks and water out of the ballast water system, send water to extinguish the fire fighting system, remove the deck water, fecal water and sewage wash water dewatering, treatment and sewage system, the supply of drinking water to the crew and passengers, water and sanitation of the water supply system, as well as ventilation, heating and air-conditioning systems, and so on.
Performance of transport ships in order to be able to navigate safely on the water, and bear the task of carrying passengers and cargo, must have the following properties: ① in the full load of passengers, cargo can float on the water surface and retain a certain reserve buoyancy buoyancy (see ship buoyancy); ② in the wind or other external forces do not capsize under the action of the stability of the stability of the ship (see ship stability); ③ due to collision, grounding, or other sea damage and local water can still be floated on the water surface without sinking; resistance to sinking; ③ because of collision, grounding or other sea damage and still float on the surface of the water and not Sinking resistance; (4) according to the intention of the driver to change or maintain the ship's direction and speed of maneuverability (see ship maneuverability); (5) in a certain host of power under the impetus to move forward at a faster rate of speed (see ship speed); (6) encountered in the wind and waves, but still can be a certain speed of smooth sailing of the wave resistance (see ship wave resistance).
Safety In order to ensure the safety of transportation ships in operation, the structural strength of the ship, compartmentalization, stability, minimum drywall when fully loaded, materials and electromechanical equipment used, means of communication between the ship and shore, as well as life-saving, fire-fighting, lighting and signaling, and the loading of bulk cargoes, liquid cargoes, hazardous materials, containers of special requirements, etc., the various shipping countries have formulated a variety of decrees and rules, and even the common formulation of international conventions, such as International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (see International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea), International Convention on Load Lines for Ships (see International Convention on Load Lines for Ships, 1966) and Rules for Preventing Collisions at Sea (see International Convention on Rules for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972) and so on. Governments often also make supplementary or additional provisions to certain aspects of international conventions in accordance with their specific conditions. In addition, the organizations that carry out ship inspections in various countries, such as classification societies, ship registries, and the Bureau of Ship Inspection of the People's Republic of China in China, also have a series of technical regulations that are published in the form of specifications. In the process of design, construction and operation, ships must comply with the relevant norms, decrees and conventions, and submit applications to classification societies and competent authorities to undergo inspections in order to obtain the various certificates required for sailing, entering ports and taking out insurance with insurance companies.
1. Grocery liner transportation: the cargoes transported by grocery liner are mainly general cargoes, and it can also transport some bulk cargoes, major pieces and other special cargoes. It is the earliest liner transportation.
2. Container liner transportation: In the late 1960s, with the development of container transportation, container liner transportation appeared; in the late 1990s, container liner transportation gradually replaced the traditional grocery liner transportation, and appeared a small batch of LCL cargo transportation.
Unscheduled ship transportation
1. Voyage chartering transportation: including single voyage chartering transportation, round-trip voyage chartering transportation, consecutive single voyage chartering transportation, consecutive round-trip voyage chartering transportation, and so on.
2. Time charter transportation: also known as "time charter" or "time charter", is a kind of leasing ship property for the transportation of goods in the form of chartering, characterized by
a. The ship owner is responsible for the crew, and bear their wages and meals.
b. The charterer has the right of command in the operation of the ship, including the captain, or else he has the right to ask the ship owner to be replaced.
c. The charterer is responsible for the operation and dispatch of the ship, and bears the variable costs in the operation of the ship, including fuel, port charges, pilotage, cargo loading and unloading charges, canal tolls, and other costs stipulated in the charter party.
d. The shipowner is responsible for the fixed costs of ship operation, including the costs related to the ship's capital, ship materials, lubricating oil, ship insurance, ship repair and maintenance costs.
e. Ship leasing is based on the whole ship, and the rent is charged according to the ship's deadweight tonnage, the lease period and the agreed rent rate.
f. The charter is often stipulated in the provisions of the delivery and return of the ship as well as the stopping of the charter.
3. bareboat chartering: also known as "hull chartering", characterized by
a. The owner of the ship to provide a seaworthy empty ship, not responsible for the ship's transportation.
b. The charterer is equipped with a full crew and has command responsibility.
c. The charterer is responsible for the operation of the vessel as a carrier and for operational scheduling, and bears the loss of time during the charter period, including delays and repairs.
d. The charterer is responsible for all fixed and variable costs except for the capital cost of the vessel.
e. The charter rate is based on the ship's deadweight tonnage, the charter period and the agreed charter rate when the ship is chartered as a whole.
f. The right of possession of the ship is transferred to the lessee from the time the ship is handed over to the lessee for use.
4. Chartering transportation: also known as "chartering contract" and "capacity contract", is a kind of short-term chartering behavior based on the premise of certain capacity of the lessee.
The basic content of the ship used to carry passengers and goods, also known as merchant ships. As a means of transportation, ships have the advantages of large capacity and low operating costs compared with other modes of transportation. With the development of the world economy, modern transport ships have formed a large fleet of diverse, technically complex and highly specialized ships (see World Merchant Fleet). Development in brief The development of transport ships has roughly gone through three stages: rafts, wooden sailing ships (see sailing ship) and steamships, and is in the era of steel ships with diesel engines as the basic power (see History of Transport Ship Development). As early as prehistoric times, mankind has utilized boats and rafts as a means of waterborne transportation. From the ancient Egyptian era to the early 19th century within a long historical period, wooden sailing ships have been the main waterway transportation tools. After the invention of the steam engine, transport ships in the early 19th century into the steam engine as the power of the new period, shipbuilding materials also gradually to iron instead of wood. Early steam engine ship, is installed on both sides of the huge wheel propulsion, so the motorized ship in China is usually called the ship. 19th century after the middle, the propeller gradually replaced the wheel, shipbuilding materials from the use of iron to the development of the use of steel, the ship's tonnage continues to increase. the end of the 19th century, the steam turbine and the diesel engine came out one after another, and for the ship to provide a new power. After the second world war, diesel engine power gradually dominant. In recent years, almost all the transportation ships are powered by diesel engines.
In the 1870s, the United Kingdom in the Atlantic Ocean to open up a regular route specializing in passenger transport. Before this, the transportation ship is mixed passenger and cargo. Since then, shipping developed countries compete to build fully equipped, luxurious and comfortable large passenger ships. 1960s, the sea long-distance passenger ships are gradually replaced by long-range jet airliners, but smaller tonnage, to travel for the purpose of tourism and can also carry private cars, such as car passenger ships are developed. Early steamships were general cargo ships, and oil tankers began to appear in the early 1900's. In the 1940's, bulk carriers were separated from general cargo ships. Oil tankers and bulk carriers account for a large proportion of the world's merchant fleet in terms of tonnage; traditional general cargo ships still lead in terms of the number of ships. From the 60's onwards, the transport ships further specialization, appeared a series of new ship types, such as container ships, liquefied gas ships, ro-ro ships, barge carriers and so on. Container ship development is the most rapid, developed countries of general cargo transportation has basically realized the containerization.
Types of transportation ships can be divided into passenger ships and cargo ships, as well as passenger and cargo ships. In addition, transport ships can also be divided into ocean-going ships, coastal ships, river boats, and North America's "Great Lakes" ship, etc.; according to the way of navigation is divided into the displacement type ship (all the weight of the water by the buoyancy of the ship), hydrofoils and hovercraft, etc.; according to the presence or absence of a power unit is divided into motorized and barge, motorized ships can be divided into steam engine ship, turbine ship, diesel engine ship and nuclear-powered ship The motorized ship can be divided into steam engine ship, steam turbine ship, diesel engine ship and nuclear power ship, etc.; according to the hull material is divided into steel ship, wooden ship, cement ship and fiberglass ship.
Passenger ships can be divided into the following five categories: ① marine passenger ships, including ocean-going passenger ships and coastal passenger ships. Ocean-going passenger ships have large tonnage, high speed, complete equipment, and comfortable living conditions for passengers. Before the rise of air transportation, international mails were mainly transported by ocean-going passenger ships, so these ships were also called mail ships; after the 1970s, the construction of these ships has been stopped. But in some countries on domestic routes to transport passengers mainly coastal passenger and cargo ships are still being built and used. ② tourist ship, is the rise of the 1960s, for tourists to travel with the ship. Ship with similar ocean-going passenger ships, but smaller tonnage. The ship is well-equipped, can provide travelers with health, entertainment and intellectual development and other comprehensive services. ③Car passenger ship, is the rise of the 60's ship type. In addition to carrying passengers can also carry a certain number of passengers with their own cars. ④ river passenger ship, is the traditional river and lake passenger ship. The passenger capacity is large and the equipment is simpler than that of ocean passenger ships. ⑤ Small high-speed passenger ships, mainly hydrofoils and hovercrafts, are mostly used for short-distance navigation along the coast and inland rivers. (See the color charts ["Natchez" stern-wheeler] and [tourist ship].
Cargo ships can be divided into the following categories according to the type of goods to be carried and the way of loading and unloading: ① dry cargo ships, also divided into general cargo ships and bulk carriers. Grocery ships are mainly loaded with various kinds of general cargoes. New grocery ships are mostly designed as multi-purpose ships with strong adaptability to cargo types. Bulk carriers are specialized in carrying a variety of bulk cargo, which can be divided into coal carriers, ore ships, bulk grain ships, wood carriers and bulk cement ships. ② liquid cargo ship, loaded with a variety of liquid cargo ship, mainly oil tankers, liquid chemical ships, liquefied gas ships. In addition, there can be both liquid cargo and dry bulk cargo ship. ③Container ships, standard containers as cargo units of cargo ships. This ship has high speed, sailing in a fixed route, the use of port special equipment for rapid loading and unloading. ④ Roll-on Roll-off ship, also known as "open on open off" ship. The ship is equipped with movable jumping boards, and the loaded trailers can be directly driven up and down. Roll-on/roll-off ship is fast loading and unloading, suitable for loading and unloading containers and large cargoes. ⑤ Cargo barge, also known as mother ship, is a cargo ship with cargo barge as the cargo unit. The goods carried by this kind of ship can be transferred in the port without dock, without backloading, realizing the direct transportation between the river and the sea. (6) Reefer vessels, specializing in the shipment of perishable fresh cargo. (7) barge and its supporting the use of tugboats, push boats. They are composed of towing fleet or top push fleet, mostly used for river.
Structure and composition of modern transportation ships, despite the variety of different structures, but by the hull (including superstructure) and power plant (see ship power plant) two parts, and configured with a variety of outfitting equipment and systems.
Hull and its superstructure The main body of the transport ship, for passengers, crew and cargo, power plant and oil, water and other materials to provide loading space.
The hull of steel transportation ship is welded with various specifications of steel plates and profiles, and consists of watertight hollow structure with bottom, two sides, bow end, stern end and deck. The bottom of the ship has single bottom and double bottom structure, which is composed of outer bottom plate (including flat keel), inner bottom plate and inner bottom side plate (double bottom structure of the ship has), longitudinal skeleton, transverse skeleton and other components. There are two types of bottom skeleton: transverse skeleton and longitudinal skeleton. The transverse skeleton structure consists of ribs (transverse members), middle joist (longitudinal joist located at the longitudinal centerline of the bottom of the ship, also known as the middle keel), side joist (longitudinal joist located on both sides of the longitudinal centerline of the bottom of the ship, also known as the side of the inner keel) and other components; the longitudinal skeleton structure reduces the number of ribs but increases the bottom longitudinal skeleton. The two sides are composed of watertight outboard and the skeleton (ribs and outboard longitudinal trusses, longitudinal bones, etc.) to strengthen it. In order to strengthen the hull's bow and stern structure, there is a bow post at the bow end and a stern post at the stern end. Inside the hull, there are a number of bulkheads, forming compartments for different purposes. The bow and stern of the ship are equipped with anti-collision bulkheads, forming bow-tip and stern-tip compartments respectively to ensure safety. Installation of the main engine, auxiliary engines and ancillary equipment of the cabin is generally located in the middle of the ship or the tail, the corresponding type of ship is called the middle or tail type. Vertical direction of the hull is separated by the deck and platform, the deck is less than a layer, such as oil tankers, bulk carriers; more than ten layers, such as ocean-going passenger ships. Through the head and tail of the uppermost layer of watertight deck called the upper deck. The strength of the hull must be able to withstand the ship's load and external water pressure, as well as the wind and waves in the bending and torsion and other stresses.
Superstructure is the building above the upper deck. The superstructure of the cargo ship is mainly used for driving maneuvering and crew life. In the past, the typical general cargo ship is mostly the middle type, its superstructure were located in the bow, stern and the middle, respectively, known as the first floor, tail floor and bridge floor, this ship is called the three islands type ship. The bridge is the center of work and life of the whole ship, the uppermost floor is the bridge, chart room, telegraph room, etc., and the part below the bridge is the place for the crew to live, rest and recreation. In order to obtain more use and living area, the three floors can be connected separately or all together. Such as the first floor and the bridge connected, that is, the first floor of the ship; the tail floor and the bridge connected, that is, the tail floor of the ship. the beginning of the 20th century, shipowners in order to expand the ship's loading volume, while taking advantage of some of the weaknesses in the ship's tonnage measurement regulations at the time, built a two decks of the sheltered deck of the ship. The space between the two decks can be loaded and can not be counted in the gross tonnage, thus reducing the various service costs and tax amount, and therefore become the main type of dry cargo ships for a long time. However, the ship type is poorly watertight and unsafe, and the International Maritime Organization (IMO) has revised the DD regulations and canceled this ship type. Modern cargo ships are mostly tail-end type, and the superstructure is mostly located in the stern of the ship. The superstructure of the passenger ship is more developed than that of the cargo ship, the number of decks is more, and each layer is separated by a steel enclosure, which becomes a place for travelers to live and carry out various activities.
Power plant, including the ship to provide propulsion power for the host, the ship to provide electricity and lighting generator set, as well as a variety of other auxiliary machinery and equipment. The main engine is the heart of the transportation ship. The vast majority of modern transportation ship host for low-speed or medium-speed diesel engine, by which directly or after deceleration to drive the propeller installed in the tail to promote the ship forward. In addition to diesel engines, there are also a few ships using steam engines, steam turbines, gas turbines and even nuclear power plants. Diesel engine on board the generator set for 2 ~ 3 diesel generator sets, generally using 400 volts three-phase alternating current, frequency of 50 Hz or 60 Hz. The ship is also equipped with a secondary boiler or exhaust gas boiler, for the ship to provide steam and heat source. Various auxiliary machines and equipments mainly include air compressors, various oil pumps, water pumps, heat exchangers, pipelines, oil and water cabinets, etc.
Outfitting equipment and various systems Outfitting equipment includes: ① maneuvering equipment, such as rudder equipment; ② mooring equipment, such as anchoring equipment and mooring equipment, etc.; ③ closing equipment, such as hatch covers, watertight doors, gangway doors, entrance and exit covers, etc.; ④ signaling equipment, such as signal lamps, signal flags, etc.; ⑤ lifesaving equipment, such as lifeboats, life rafts, life buoys, life jackets, etc.; ⑥ cargo lifting equipment, such as the boom device on the freighter and the deck crane ( See ship cargo equipment), oil tankers on the cargo oil pumps, ro-ro ships on the elevator, springboard, etc.; ⑦ other equipment, such as passenger ships on the anti-shaking equipment, tugboats on the towing equipment, push the top of the ship on the top of the push device, and so on. Various systems on board, including: the bilge water out of the ship's bilge water discharge system, water supply to the ballast water tanks and water out of the ballast water system, send water to extinguish the fire fighting system, remove the deck water, fecal water and sewage wash water dewatering, treatment and sewage system, the supply of drinking water to the crew and passengers, water and sanitation of the water supply system, as well as ventilation, heating and air-conditioning systems, and so on.
Performance of transport ships in order to be able to navigate safely on the water, and bear the task of carrying passengers and cargo, must have the following properties: ① in the full load of passengers, cargo can float on the water surface and retain a certain reserve buoyancy buoyancy (see ship buoyancy); ② in the wind or other external forces do not capsize under the action of the stability of the stability of the ship (see ship stability); ③ due to collision, grounding, or other sea damage and local water can still be floated on the water surface without sinking; resistance to sinking; ③ because of collision, grounding or other sea damage and still float on the surface of the water and not Sinking resistance; (4) according to the intention of the driver to change or maintain the ship's direction and speed of maneuverability (see ship maneuverability); (5) in a certain host of power under the impetus to move forward at a faster rate of speed (see ship speed); (6) encountered in the wind and waves, but still can be a certain speed of smooth sailing of the wave resistance (see ship wave resistance).
Safety In order to ensure the safety of transportation ships in operation, the structural strength of the ship, compartmentalization, stability, minimum drywall when fully loaded, materials and electromechanical equipment used, means of communication between the ship and shore, as well as life-saving, fire-fighting, lighting and signaling, and the loading of bulk cargoes, liquid cargoes, hazardous materials, containers of special requirements, etc., the various shipping countries have formulated a variety of decrees and rules, and even the common formulation of international conventions, such as International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (see International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea), International Convention on Load Lines for Ships (see International Convention on Load Lines for Ships, 1966) and Rules for Preventing Collisions at Sea (see International Convention on Rules for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972) and so on. Governments often also make supplementary or additional provisions to certain aspects of international conventions in accordance with their specific conditions. In addition, the organizations that carry out ship inspections in various countries, such as classification societies, ship registries, and the Bureau of Ship Inspection of the People's Republic of China in China, also have a series of technical regulations that are published in the form of specifications. In the process of design, construction and operation, ships must comply with the relevant norms, decrees and conventions, and submit applications to classification societies and competent authorities to undergo inspections in order to obtain the various certificates required for sailing, entering ports and taking out insurance with insurance companies.
Other developments
Vessel transportation management regulations, in accordance with the laws and regulations of traffic safety management, first of all, all the documents of the ship must be complete, to be registered by the maritime administration and hold a certificate of registration of the ship, the ship is equipped with symbols of the traffic regulations of the crew, each crew member must be licensed to work, the need to carry out a comprehensive inspection before the start of the ship, the ship's signal marking and whether the lights are intact, and the anchor equipment must be in good condition, the ship must be equipped with all the life-saving equipment in accordance with the provisions of the good.
Ship Transportation Operating System
Article 1 In order to regulate the ship transport market, strengthen supervision and management, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of ship transport operators, passengers and cargo owners, protect the safety of people's lives and properties, optimize the capacity structure, and promote the healthy development of the waterway transport industry, according to the relevant state laws and regulations, the formulation of these provisions.
What types of transportation are available for cargo ships?
Container ships - currently the most commonly used mode of transportation, available in 20', 40' and 45' sizes. The capacity of container ships varies greatly, with the smallest being 85TEU (TEU) and the largest currently being OOCL Hong Kong, reaching 21,413TEU.
April 2, according to the Ministry of Transport official WeChat news, April 1, the Ministry of Transport issued a notice, in order to thoroughly implement the CPC Central Committee, the State Council on the prevention and control of the new Crown pneumonia epidemic decision-making and deployment
July 12, China Shipbuilding Industry Association released data showing that from January to June, China's shipbuilding completion, new orders and hand-held orders in terms of deadweight tonnage accounted for 49.6% of the world's total, 72.6% and 53.2%, in terms of the revised gross tonnage accounted for 47.3%, 67.2% and 46.8%, are ranked the world's first.1 -June, the shipbuilding industry concentration remained at a high level, the top 10 companies in the volume of new orders accounted for 61.3% of the country; the top 10 companies in the volume of orders on hand accounted for 62.0% of the country.
Mode of operation of ship transportation
Grocery liner transportation: the cargoes transported by grocery liner are mainly general cargoes, and it can also transport some bulk cargoes, major pieces and other special cargoes. It is the earliest liner transportation.